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Some ways to type file content material on Linux

vijesh · November 23, 2020 · Leave a Comment


The Linux type command can prepare command output or file content material in much more methods than you would possibly realize–alphabetically, numerically, by month and randomly are solely among the extra fascinating decisions. On this submit, we check out among the extra helpful sorting choices and clarify how they differ.

The default

The default type might sound pretty simple. Digits come first, adopted by letters and, for every letter, lowercase characters precede uppercase characters. You may anticipate to see this sort of ordering:

012345aAbBcCdDeE

ASCII order

Trying on the numeric byte values for every of those letters, it’s possible you’ll word that what you see above is just not the “pure order” so far as ASCII is worried.

$ echo 012345aAbBcCdDeE | od -bc
0000000 060 061 062 063 064 065 141 101 142 102 143 103 144 104 145 105
          0   1   2   3   4   5   a   A   b   B   c   C   d   D   e   E

As you may discover on this octal dump of the checklist of characters, uppercase letters have decrease ASCII values and would come earlier than lowercase letters in the event that they have been listed in ASCII order. To type by byte worth, prepend your type command with LC_ALL=C. For instance, here is a comparability of sorting in byte order in contrast with the default type  order:

$ LC_ALL=C type file		$ type file
0				0
1				1
2				2
3				3
4				4
5				5
A <==				a <==
B <==				A <==
C				b
D				B
E				c
a				C
b				d
c				D
d				e
e				E
 

Numeric order

To type numerically, it’s essential use -n otherwise you’ll find yourself sorting numbers by character and 100 would fake to be smaller than 2. This is a comparability between a default type and a numeric type:

$ type numbers			$ type -n numbers
0                               0
1                               1
11                              4
4                               9
44                              11
9                               44

You too can type numerically utilizing a “human-friendly” type order. This lets you characterize numbers with greater than digits–such as 5M. The choice for this type order is -h. Once you use it, 5K could be handled as bigger than 500 and fewer than 5M. This is a comparability of the default type and a human-friendly type:

$ type numbers			$ type -h numbers
0                               0
1                               1
11                              4
4                               9
44                              11
500                             44
5K                              500
5M                              5K
9                               5M

By Month

To type by month identify, you’ll use the -M possibility. This is an instance of a default type and a kind by month:

$ type months		            # type -M months
Apr                                 Jan
Aug                                 Feb
Dec                                 Mar
Feb                                 Apr
Jan                                 Might
Jul                                 Jun
Jun                                 Jul
Mar                                 Aug
Might                                 Sep
Nov                                 Oct
Oct                                 Nov
Sep                                 Dec

Discover that sorting by month works whether or not you spell out the names of the months or use abbreviations:

$ type -M months2
Jan
Feb
March
Apr
Might
June
Jul
August
Sep
October
November
Dec

Perceive {that a} type by month is not a kind by date. This kind possibility assumes that every one months are in the identical 12 months.

$ type occasions			    $ type -M occasions
Feb 10 2020 20:06 SOMETHING         Jan 23 2020 10:42 SOMETHING
Feb 11 2020 20:06 SOMETHING         Jan 29 2020 09:17 SOMETHING
Feb 12 2019 11:11 SOMETHING         Feb 10 2020 20:06 SOMETHING
Feb 27 2020 23:05 SOMETHING         Feb 11 2020 20:06 SOMETHING
Jan 23 2020 10:42 SOMETHING         Feb 12 2019 11:11 SOMETHING <==
Jan 29 2020 09:17 SOMETHING         Feb 27 2020 23:05 SOMETHING <==
Jun 26 2019 09:09 SOMETHING         Jun 26 2019 09:09 SOMETHING

Reversing listings

To reverse the order of your sorted listings, add the -r possibility. This is a reverse itemizing of the months and human-readable numbers recordsdata:

$ type -Mr months                   $ type -hr numbers
Dec                                 5M
Nov                                 5k
Oct                                 500
Sep                                 44
Aug                                 11
Jul                                 9
Jun                                 4
Might                                 1
Apr                                 0
Mar
Feb
Jan                           

Random sorting

To type textual content in a pseudorandom vogue, use -R together with your type command. Listed below are among the earlier kinds utilizing the random possibility.

$ type -R months		    $ type -R numbers
Aug                                 500
Nov                                 4
Dec                                 44
Sep                                 5M
Apr                                 0
Jan                                 1
Jul                                 5K
Jun                                 11
Might                                 9
Mar
Feb
Oct

The opposite option to type knowledge randomly is to make use of the shuf (for “shuffle”) command. Listed below are a pair examples utilizing knowledge from earlier examples on this submit:

$ shuf months			    $ shuf numbers
Nov                                 0
Jun                                 4
Might                                 500
Aug                                 5K
Apr                                 11
Dec                                 44
Jul                                 1
Feb                                 9
Mar                                 5M
Oct
Sep
Jan 

Sorting Command Output

You too can pipe knowledge to any of the type instructions proven. The command under won’t be notably helpful, however it demonstrates the purpose and reveals another instructions associated to sorting.

$ apropos type | type -r
XConsortium (7)      - X Consortium data
versionsort (3)      - scan a listing for matching entries
tsort (1)            - carry out topological type
type (1)             - type traces of textual content recordsdata
qsort_r (3)          - type an array
qsort (3)            - type an array
comm (1)             - examine two sorted recordsdata line by line
bzip2 (1)            - a block-sorting file compressor, v1.0.8
bunzip2 (1)          - a block-sorting file compressor, v1.0.8
bsearch (3)          - binary search of a sorted array
apt-sortpkgs (1)     - Utility to type bundle index recordsdata
alphasort (3)        - scan a listing for matching entries

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Copyright © 2020 IDG Communications, Inc.

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